Anchoring revisited: The role of the comparative question

Grau I, Bohner G. Anchoring revisited: The role of the comparative question. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(1): e86056.When people estimate a numeric value after judging whether it is larger or smaller than a high or low anchor value (comparative question), estimates are biased in the direction of the anchor. One explanation for this anchoring effect is that people selectively access knowledge consistent with the anchor value as part of a positive test strategy. Two studies (total N = 184) supported the alternative explanation that people access knowledge consistent with their own answer to the comparative question. Specifically, anchoring effects emerged when the answer to the comparative question was unexpected (lower than the low anchor or higher than the high anchor). For expected answers (lower than the high anchor or higher than the low anchor), however, anchoring effects were attenuated or reversed. The anchor value itself was almost never reported as an absolute estimate

The 2021 flexible and printed electronics roadmap

This roadmap includes the perspectives and visions of leading researchers in the key areas of flexible and printable electronics. The covered topics are broadly organized by the device technologies (sections 1–9), fabrication techniques (sections 10–12), and design and modeling approaches (sections 13 and 14) essential to the future development of new applications leveraging flexible electronics (FE). The interdisciplinary nature of this field involves everything from fundamental scientific discoveries to engineering challenges; from design and synthesis of new materials via novel device design to modelling and digital manufacturing of integrated systems. As such, this roadmap aims to serve as a resource on the current status and future challenges in the areas covered by the roadmap and to highlight the breadth and wide-ranging opportunities made available by FE technologies

Dimensional scaling of high-speed printed organic transistors enabling high-frequency operation

Printed electronics has promised to deliver low-cost, large-area and flexible electronics for mass-market applications for some time; however, so far one limiting factor has been device performance. Over the last decade, great progress has been made in terms of materials, processing and printing resolution for printed transistors. In this article, we review dimensional scaling of printed organic thin-film transistors, which has enabled high-frequency operation. We review different device architectures that require different dimensions to be scaled with accompanying tradeoffs in performance and complexity. Various printing methods have been used to print scaled transistors. Inkjet and gravure printing have seen the greatest improvements. We will focus on gravure printing here as it not only enables high-resolution features but also high-speed printing for low-cost manufacturing. Operating voltage has been scaled down less aggressively due to difficulties with scaling down the thickness of printed gate dielectrics. The performance of organic semiconductor materials has also improved substantially. When processing the semiconductor, the scaling of other device dimensions needs to be considered to optimize performance. Based on these advances, transistor switching frequency has increased dramatically over the last decade with several reports of high-speed printed inverters operating at high kHz to low MHz frequencies, which are promising results for emerging applications of printed electronics

Gravure-printed electronics: Devices, technology development and design

Printed electronics is a novel microfabrication paradigm that is particularly well suited for fabrication of low-cost, large-area electronics on flexible substrates. Applications include flexible displays, solar cells, RFID tags or sensor networks. Gravure printing is a particularly promising printing technique because it combines high print speed with high resolution patterning. In this thesis, gravure printing for printed electronics is advanced on multiple levels. The gravure process is advanced in terms of tooling and understanding of printing physics as well as its application to substrate preparation and device fabrication.Gravure printing is applied to transform paper into a viable substrate for printed electronics. Paper is very attractive for printed electronics because it is low-cost, biodegradable, lightweight and ubiquitous. However, printing of high-performance electronic devices onto paper has been limited by the large surface roughness and ink absorption of paper. This is overcome here by gravure printing a local smoothing layer and printed organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) are demonstrated to exhibit performance on-par with device on plastic substrates.If highly-scaled features are to be printed by gravure, traditional gravure roll making techniques are limited in terms of pattern definition and surface finish. Here, a novel fabrication process for gravure rolls is demonstrated utilizing silicon microfabrication. Sub-3μm features are printed at 1m/s. Proximity effects are demonstrated for more complex highly-scaled features. The fluid mechanics of this effect is studied and it is suggested how it can be used to enhance feature quality by employing assist features.Finally, advancements are made to printed organic thin-film transistors as an important technology driver and demonstrator for printed electronics. First, a novel scanned thermal annealing technique is presented that significantly improves the crystallization of an organic semiconductor and electrical performance. Second, transistors are fully gravure printed at a high print speed of 1m/s. By scaling both lateral and thickness dimensions and optimizing the printing processes, good electrical performance, low-voltage operation and low variability is demonstrated

Gravure-printed electronics: Devices, technology development and design

Printed electronics is a novel microfabrication paradigm that is particularly well suited for fabrication of low-cost, large-area electronics on flexible substrates. Applications include flexible displays, solar cells, RFID tags or sensor networks. Gravure printing is a particularly promising printing technique because it combines high print speed with high resolution patterning. In this thesis, gravure printing for printed electronics is advanced on multiple levels. The gravure process is advanced in terms of tooling and understanding of printing physics as well as its application to substrate preparation and device fabrication.Gravure printing is applied to transform paper into a viable substrate for printed electronics. Paper is very attractive for printed electronics because it is low-cost, biodegradable, lightweight and ubiquitous. However, printing of high-performance electronic devices onto paper has been limited by the large surface roughness and ink absorption of paper. This is overcome here by gravure printing a local smoothing layer and printed organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) are demonstrated to exhibit performance on-par with device on plastic substrates.If highly-scaled features are to be printed by gravure, traditional gravure roll making techniques are limited in terms of pattern definition and surface finish. Here, a novel fabrication process for gravure rolls is demonstrated utilizing silicon microfabrication. Sub-3μm features are printed at 1m/s. Proximity effects are demonstrated for more complex highly-scaled features. The fluid mechanics of this effect is studied and it is suggested how it can be used to enhance feature quality by employing assist features.Finally, advancements are made to printed organic thin-film transistors as an important technology driver and demonstrator for printed electronics. First, a novel scanned thermal annealing technique is presented that significantly improves the crystallization of an organic semiconductor and electrical performance. Second, transistors are fully gravure printed at a high print speed of 1m/s. By scaling both lateral and thickness dimensions and optimizing the printing processes, good electrical performance, low-voltage operation and low variability is demonstrated

Pilot study (N = 45): Means and standard deviations of knowledge items.

<p>Pilot study (N = 45): Means and standard deviations of knowledge items.</p

Estimates by Anchor Condition, Anchor Distance, and Answer to Comparative Question (Study 1).

<p>^a Number of cases for the 0.5 <i>SD</i> and 1 <i>SD</i> anchor distance conditions was 56 and 50, respectively.</p><p>^b All t-tests were significant (<i>p</i><.001).</p

Estimates by wording, anchor condition, and answer to comparative question (Study 2).

<p>^a Number of cases was 21 in the wording “lower” condition, and 17 in the wording “higher” condition in the 0.5 <i>SD</i> condition and 20/20 in the 1 <i>SD</i> condition.</p><p>^b+ <i>p</i><.10;</p>*<p><i>p</i><.05;</p>***<p><i>p</i><.001.</p